Path & PassCertification practice
Version 10.0

LinuC Level 1 102 Exam

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1.06 Shells and scriptingShell customization and Bash script creation and control.46questionsHigh
1.07 Networking fundamentalsTCP/IP, network configuration, troubleshooting, and client-side DNS.72questionsHigh
1.08 System administrationAccounts, job scheduling, and localization.56questionsHigh
1.09 Essential system servicesTime synchronization, system logs, and the basics of MTAs.46questionsHigh
1.10 SecuritySecurity administration, host protection, encryption, and cloud security.64questionsHigh
1.11 Open source cultureOpen source concepts, licenses, communities, and ecosystems.17questionsLow
6 areas / 18 objectives selected301questionseligible

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1.06.1 Shells and scripting18 questions
  1. Setting a system-wide login environment
  2. Login-shell startup-file precedence
  3. Applying settings to an interactive Bash
  4. Running cleanup at logout
  5. Debian-wide interactive Bash settings
  6. Reloading a configuration in the current shell
  7. Reading a file with POSIX syntax
  8. Running the next command regardless of status
  9. Run a follow-up only after success
  10. Run a fallback only after failure
  11. Saving command output in a variable
  12. Writing nested command substitution clearly
  13. Defining an interactive shortcut
  14. Quoting an alias replacement
  15. Listing current aliases
  16. Removing one alias
  17. Appending to PATH without losing existing entries
  18. Prepending a trusted command directory
1.06.2 Shells and scripting28 questions
  1. Defining a Bash function
  2. Choosing POSIX function syntax
  3. Using a function's first argument
  4. Selecting Bash for a directly executed script
  5. Adding execute permission to the owner
  6. Changing a script's owner and group
  7. Installing a command for all local users
  8. Processing three fixed values in order
  9. Processing matching log files
  10. Repeating while a numeric condition is true
  11. Reading input one line at a time
  12. Saving the previous command's exit status
  13. Exiting a script successfully
  14. Returning a failure for invalid input
  15. Branching on command success
  16. Branching on an integer condition
  17. Combining alternatives in a case pattern
  18. Ending a case clause
  19. Counting script arguments
  20. Displaying the invoked script name
  21. Reading the first positional argument
  22. Forwarding all arguments with boundaries intact
  23. Joining all positional arguments into one word
  24. Removing the first processed argument
  25. Using a fixed command search path
  26. Running a critical command by absolute path
  27. Showing input lines during execution
  28. Tracing expanded commands
1.07.1 Networking fundamentals20 questions
  1. Converting an IPv4 prefix to a netmask
  2. Counting usable hosts in a /26
  3. Finding the network of a /27 address
  4. Identifying a private IPv4 address
  5. Choosing an address outside private and special ranges
  6. Choosing an IPv4 loopback address
  7. Selecting SSH's standard port
  8. Selecting SMTP's standard port
  9. Selecting DNS's standard port
  10. Selecting HTTP's standard port
  11. Selecting NTP's standard port
  12. Selecting HTTPS's standard port
  13. Recognizing TCP characteristics
  14. Recognizing UDP characteristics
  15. Recognizing ICMP's role
  16. Checking the length of an IPv6 address
  17. Choosing an IPv6 loopback address
  18. Choosing the IPv6 unspecified address
  19. Choosing an IPv6 link-local address
  20. Choosing the IPv6 global-unicast range
1.07.2 Networking fundamentals20 questions
  1. Writing a persistent hostname
  2. Displaying interface IP addresses
  3. Temporarily adding an IPv4 address
  4. Removing one configured IPv4 address
  5. Bringing up a configured interface
  6. Bringing down a configured interface
  7. Listing all interfaces including down ones
  8. Listing NetworkManager device status
  9. Listing NetworkManager connection profiles
  10. Activating a saved connection profile
  11. Adding a name mapping to hosts
  12. Checking hosts before DNS
  13. Limiting ping requests
  14. Testing the IPv6 loopback
  15. Changing a profile to static IPv4
  16. Returning a profile to automatic IPv4
  17. Showing only the default route
  18. Displaying routes numerically with legacy route
  19. Adding an IPv4 default route with iproute2
  20. Adding a default gateway with legacy route
1.07.3 Networking fundamentals22 questions
  1. Checking interface error counters
  2. Checking the current hostname
  3. Checking a DNS lookup with host
  4. Querying a specific DNS server
  5. Checking a TCP port without sending data
  6. Listing listening TCP sockets numerically
  7. Displaying routes numerically with netstat
  8. Tracing intermediate hops numerically
  9. Checking path and Path MTU without privilege
  10. Checking the local IPv6 stack
  11. Performing a reverse DNS lookup
  12. Tracing DNS delegation
  13. Limiting total ping runtime
  14. Sending a diagnostic UDP probe
  15. Checking UDP sockets and owning processes
  16. Checking interface statistics with netstat
  17. Tracing an IPv6 route numerically
  18. Checking IPv6 Path MTU numerically
  19. Checking link-layer state
  20. Bringing a link administratively up
  21. Taking a link down with ifconfig
  22. Replacing an incorrect default route
1.07.4 Networking fundamentals10 questions
  1. Setting a DNS resolver
  2. Adding search domains for short names
  3. Tuning DNS timeout and retries
  4. Querying an IPv6 address record
  5. Checking mail delivery records briefly
  6. Querying a TXT record with host
  7. Listing addresses through NSS
  8. Checking DNS before the hosts file
  9. Checking a hosts alias through NSS
  10. Setting a single local domain
1.08.1 User and group management24 questions
  1. Creating a user with a home directory
  2. Creating a home at a specified path
  3. Selecting a login shell
  4. Selecting a primary group
  5. Adding multiple supplementary groups
  6. Deleting a user and its home
  7. Renaming a login
  8. Moving a user's home directory
  9. Adding a supplementary group while preserving others
  10. Locking password authentication
  11. Unlocking a password
  12. Creating a group with a chosen GID
  13. Renaming an existing group
  14. Changing an existing group's GID
  15. Deleting an unused group
  16. Displaying useradd defaults
  17. Using a custom skeleton directory
  18. Setting an existing user's password
  19. Reading the default home base
  20. Locating the home field in passwd
  21. Locating the shadow last-change field
  22. Locating group members
  23. Getting user data through NSS
  24. Checking a user's identity and groups
1.08.2 Job scheduling18 questions
  1. Running a job every 15 minutes
  2. Running at a weekday time
  3. Listing the current user crontab
  4. Editing the user crontab
  5. Removing the user crontab
  6. Specifying the user in system crontab
  7. Choosing cron.d syntax
  8. Choosing the daily cron directory
  9. Determining cron.allow access
  10. Scheduling a one-time command
  11. Listing pending at jobs
  12. Removing an at job by ID
  13. Determining at.allow access
  14. Ordering an anacrontab entry
  15. Catching up jobs after downtime
  16. Restricting anacron start hours
  17. Spreading anacron start times
  18. Identifying the user crontab spool
1.08.3 Localization and internationalization14 questions
  1. Displaying current locale settings
  2. Listing available locales
  3. Checking the current character encoding
  4. Overriding every locale category
  5. Changing only date and time formatting
  6. Making script output locale-independent
  7. Applying locale precedence
  8. Using the C locale for one command
  9. Converting UTF-8 to ISO-8859-1
  10. Listing iconv encodings
  11. Recognizing UTF-8 characteristics
  12. Recognizing the ASCII range
  13. Understanding ISO-8859-1 conversion limits
  14. Recognizing ISO-2022-JP characteristics
1.09.1 Localization and internationalization12 questions
  1. Printing a timestamp in a fixed format
  2. Displaying the hardware clock
  3. Writing the system clock to the RTC
  4. Finding the system time-zone path
  5. Using another time zone for one command
  6. Selecting a time-zone identifier interactively
  7. Changing the system time zone
  8. Configuring an NTP server pool
  9. Identifying the daemon that reads ntp.conf
  10. Querying an NTP server once
  11. Checking chronyd time sources
  12. Listing ntpd peers
1.09.2 System services26 questions
  1. Sending a message to syslog
  2. Tagging a syslog message
  3. Selecting syslog facility and priority
  4. Sending command output to the journal
  5. Classifying sensitive authentication logs
  6. Selecting err and more severe priorities
  7. Matching only the err priority
  8. Excluding the mail facility
  9. Writing local0 logs to a dedicated file
  10. Forwarding logs over UDP
  11. Forwarding logs over TCP
  12. Validating rsyslog configuration
  13. Showing logs from the current boot
  14. Showing a unit's journal
  15. Filtering the journal by priority
  16. Showing journal entries since a time
  17. Following new journal entries
  18. Checking journal disk usage
  19. Removing old journal archives by age
  20. Choosing persistent journal storage
  21. Selecting persistent journald storage
  22. Forwarding journald messages to syslog
  23. Rotating weekly and retaining four generations
  24. Delaying compression by one generation
  25. Handling missing and empty logs safely
  26. Creating a new log after rotation
1.09.3 Email services8 questions
  1. Forwarding a local alias to a user
  2. Expanding an alias to multiple recipients
  3. Rebuilding the aliases database
  4. Forwarding a user's mail
  5. Sending mail with a subject
  6. Listing queued mail
  7. Recognizing Postfix's role
  8. Recognizing Exim's role
1.10.1 Security18 questions
  1. Finding files with SUID or SGID
  2. Displaying password status
  3. Setting an account expiration date
  4. Locking an existing user's password
  5. Checking TCP listeners and processes
  6. Checking UDP listening sockets
  7. Finding a specific TCP listener with lsof
  8. Finding the PID using a TCP port
  9. Identifying local service versions
  10. Listing current login sessions
  11. Checking current user activity
  12. Showing the five latest login records
  13. Displaying the open-file limit
  14. Setting the soft open-file limit
  15. Listing sudo permissions
  16. Checking sudoers syntax
  17. Switching to another user's login environment
  18. Setting an interactive Bash timeout
1.10.2 Security16 questions
  1. Locating shadow password hashes
  2. Restricting shadow-file access
  3. Temporarily blocking system logins
  4. Separating passwd and shadow roles
  5. Stopping and disabling a systemd service
  6. Preventing manual service starts
  7. Checking a service's boot activation
  8. Locating an xinetd service file
  9. Disabling an xinetd service
  10. Disabling a SysV service at boot
  11. Understanding firewalld rule organization
  12. Checking firewalld state
  13. Making an HTTPS firewalld rule persistent
  14. Listing iptables rules numerically
  15. Setting an iptables chain policy
  16. Checking for an iptables allow rule
1.10.3 Security16 questions
  1. Generating an Ed25519 SSH key
  2. Protecting an SSH private key
  3. Choosing the SSH authorized-key file
  4. Adding a private key to ssh-agent
  5. Understanding known_hosts
  6. Selecting a per-host SSH client setting
  7. Selecting a private key for an SSH connection
  8. Selecting local SSH port forwarding
  9. Selecting remote SSH port forwarding
  10. Selecting dynamic SSH port forwarding
  11. Characteristics of symmetric encryption
  12. Encrypting with GnuPG symmetric encryption
  13. Decrypting a GnuPG ciphertext
  14. Identifying public-key encryption roles
  15. Selecting an SSH key type
  16. Verifying a GnuPG signature
1.10.4 Security14 questions
  1. Recognizing public cloud characteristics
  2. Identifying the shared responsibility model
  3. Choosing a cloud region
  4. Handling volatile storage
  5. Protecting the management plane
  6. Applying MFA to an administrator account
  7. Recognizing an OTP
  8. Separating cloud console permissions
  9. Planning for cloud maintenance and restarts
  10. Separating cloud networks
  11. Auditing cloud management operations
  12. Managing cloud secrets
  13. Verifying cloud backup recoverability
  14. Choosing first response to a cloud compromise
1.11.1 Open source culture12 questions
  1. Recognizing the basic conditions of open source
  2. Understanding a no-warranty clause
  3. Recognizing GPL redistribution conditions
  4. Recognizing LGPL usage conditions
  5. Recognizing AGPL network-use conditions
  6. Recognizing MPL copyleft scope
  7. Recognizing MIT and BSD license characteristics
  8. Checking Apache License notices
  9. Understanding public-domain material
  10. Recording modifications in a redistributed work
  11. Checking license compatibility
  12. Preparing an OSS license inventory
1.11.2 Open source culture5 questions
  1. Choosing a community question channel
  2. Writing a reproducible bug report
  3. Following an OSS change proposal flow
  4. Checking release documentation
  5. Choosing ways to contribute to an OSS ecosystem